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Jueju (Quatrain)
中國古代詩歌的重要體式之一。如根據(jù)字數(shù)，可分為五言絕句和七言絕句，五絕四句二十字，七絕四句二十八字。如根據(jù)格律來分，符合格律的稱律絕，不符合格律的稱古絕。五絕起源于漢代樂府和民間歌謠，七絕起源于魏晉時代的歌謠。南北朝時期樂府民歌的蓬勃生機鼓舞文人大量寫作五言擬樂府，促進了絕句的發(fā)展，而且南朝文人創(chuàng)作的五絕、七絕開始講求聲律。到了唐代，格律詩逐漸定型，五言、七言的古絕、律絕成為主流詩體，涌現(xiàn)出大批名家名作。絕句篇幅短小，幾乎是才開始便結束，因此格外注重謀篇布局，不僅講求詩意完整、清新自然，還追求有韻外之致、味外之旨，言有盡而意無窮。
The quatrain is one of the important styles of ancient Chinese poetry. According to the number of characters, they can be divided into quatrains with fivecharacter lines and quatrains with seven-character lines. A quatrain with four five-character lines has 20 characters, while a quatrain with four seven-character lines contains 28 characters. In terms of rules and forms, those that conform to the rules and forms are called "rules-based quatrains" while those that do not are termed "ancient quatrains." The five-character quatrain originated from the yuefu poetry and folk songs of the Han Dynasty, while those with seven-character lines originated from the ballads of the Wei and Jin dynasties. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the vigorous growth of yuefu folk songs encouraged the literati to write large numbers of five-character poetry imitating the yuefu style, which promoted the development of these quatrains. In addition, the quatrains with five- and seven-character lines created in the Northern and Southern Dynasties began to stress tonal and rhythmic patterns.
By the Tang Dynasty, rules-based poetry gradually became well-defined, and ancient quatrains and rules-based quatrains with five- and seven-character lines became the mainstream poetic styles, and a large number of famous poets and masterpieces emerged. As the quatrains are short and almost end the moment they begin, extra attention is required for their layout. Poets not only place emphasis on the completeness of the meaning, on freshness and naturalness, but also on the underlying nuances of words and rhymes.
引例 Citations：
◎五、七言絕句，蓋五言短古、七言短歌之變也。五言短古，雜見漢魏詩中，不可勝數(shù)，唐人絕體，實所從來。（胡應麟《詩藪·內(nèi)編六》）
五言絕句、七言絕句，大概是從五言短篇古體詩、七言短篇古體詩變化而來。五言短篇古體詩，雜見于漢魏時代的詩歌當中，多得數(shù)不清，唐朝人的絕句，實際是由此發(fā)展而來的。
Quatrains with five- and seven-character lines probably came from short ancient poems with five- and seven-character lines. Short ancient poems with five-character lines are found among the poems of the Han and Wei dynasties; and there are countless numbers of them. The quatrains of the Tang Dynasty were actually developed out of these. (Hu Yinglin: An In-depth Exploration of Poetry)
◎絕句之法，要婉曲回環(huán)，刪蕪就簡，句絕而意不絕。（楊載《詩法家數(shù)》）
絕句的寫法，要委婉回環(huán)，刪除繁蕪，追求簡潔，句子雖然結束了，但意韻并未斷絕。
Quatrains should be written in a subtle and pleasing manner, removing complexity and pursuing simplicity so that when the text reaches its end, the charm continues to resonate. (Yang Zai: The Writing Know-how of Great Poets)
推薦：教育部 國家語委
供稿：北京外國語大學 外語教學與研究出版社
責任編輯：錢耐安
