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慎獨(dú) Shendu (Ethical Self-cultivation)
儒家提出的一種道德修養(yǎng)方法。“慎獨(dú)”有兩種不同含義：其一，將“獨(dú)”理解為閑居獨(dú)處。人們在獨(dú)處時(shí)，沒有他人的監(jiān)督，最容易放縱行事。“慎獨(dú)”即要求在獨(dú)處時(shí)謹(jǐn)慎對待自己的行為，自覺遵守道德、禮法的要求。其二，將“獨(dú)”理解為內(nèi)心的真實(shí)狀態(tài)。人們可以在言行上表現(xiàn)出符合道德、禮法的要求，但心中卻可能沒有對道德、禮法的認(rèn)同與追求。“慎獨(dú)”要求在心上下功夫，使內(nèi)心與道德、禮法所要求的言行相符。
A kind of ethical self-cultivation advanced by the Confucian school of thought, the term has two different meanings: First, du (獨(dú)) is understood as at leisure and alone. When people are alone, without someone else's supervision, they easily act in an undisciplined and immoral way. Shendu (慎獨(dú)) requires being careful with one's conduct when being alone, consciously following morality and the requirements of etiquette. Second, du is understood as an inner true state. People may in their words and actions manifest what is in accord with morality and the requirements of etiquette, but in their hearts they do not accept or pursue any morality or etiquette. Shendu requires that one makes efforts in one's heart, so that one's inner world is in agreement with the words and actions required by morality and etiquette.
引例 Citations：
◎是故君子戒慎乎其所不睹，恐懼乎其所不聞。莫見乎隱，莫顯乎微，故君子慎其獨(dú)也。（《禮記·中庸》）
因此君子在沒有人看見時(shí)也是謹(jǐn)慎的，在沒有人聽到時(shí)也是有所恐懼的。沒有比隱蔽的地方更容易表現(xiàn)的了，沒有比隱微的地方更容易顯明的了，因此君子應(yīng)“慎獨(dú)”。
A man of virtue is cautious when he is not being watched by others and apprehensive when what he says is not being heard. There is nothing more visible than in what is secret, and nothing more obvious than in what is vague and minute. Therefore, a man of virtue is watchful when he is at leisure and alone. (The Book of Rites)
◎此謂誠于中，形于外，故君子必慎其獨(dú)也。（《禮記·大學(xué)》）
這是說實(shí)存于內(nèi)心的東西，會表現(xiàn)在外，因此君子必須“慎獨(dú)”。
This means what one truly believes in his heart and mind will find expression in the open. That is why a man of virtue must be cautious when he is at leisure and alone. (The Book of Rites)
推薦：教育部 國家語委
供稿：北京外國語大學(xué) 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社
責(zé)任編輯：錢耐安
